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WHERE

The WHERE clause filters the output by conditions.

The WHERE clause usually works in the following queries:

  • Native nGQL: such as GO and LOOKUP.
  • OpenCypher syntax: such as MATCH and WITH.

OpenCypher compatibility

  • Using patterns in WHERE is not supported (TODO: planning), for example WHERE (v)-->(v2).
  • Filtering on edge rank is a native nGQL feature. To retrieve the rank value in openCypher statements, use the rank() function, such as MATCH (:player)-[e:follow]->() RETURN rank(e);.

Basic usage

Note

In the following examples, $$ and $^ are reference operators. For more information, see Operators.

Define conditions with boolean operators

Use the boolean operators NOT, AND, OR, and XOR to define conditions in WHERE clauses. For the precedence of the operators, see Precedence.

nebula> MATCH (v:player) \
        WHERE v.name == "Tim Duncan" \
        XOR (v.age < 30 AND v.name == "Yao Ming") \
        OR NOT (v.name == "Yao Ming" OR v.name == "Tim Duncan") \
        RETURN v.name, v.age;
+-------------------------+-------+
| v.name                  | v.age |
+-------------------------+-------+
| "Marco Belinelli"       | 32    |
| "Aron Baynes"           | 32    |
| "LeBron James"          | 34    |
| "James Harden"          | 29    |
| "Manu Ginobili"         | 41    |
+-------------------------+-------+
...

nebula> GO FROM "player100" \
        OVER follow \
        WHERE properties(edge).degree > 90 \
        OR properties($$).age != 33 \
        AND properties($$).name != "Tony Parker" \
        YIELD properties($$);
+----------------------------------+
| properties($$)                   |
+----------------------------------+
| {age: 41, name: "Manu Ginobili"} |
+----------------------------------+

Filter on properties

Use vertex or edge properties to define conditions in WHERE clauses.

  • Filter on a vertex property:
    nebula> MATCH (v:player)-[e]->(v2) \
        WHERE v2.age < 25 \
        RETURN v2.name, v2.age;
+----------------------+--------+
| v2.name              | v2.age |
+----------------------+--------+
| "Luka Doncic"        | 20     |
| "Kristaps Porzingis" | 23     |
| "Ben Simmons"        | 22     |
+----------------------+--------+

    nebula> GO FROM "player100" \
        OVER follow \
        WHERE $^.player.age >= 42;
+-------------+
| follow._dst |
+-------------+
| "player101" |
| "player125" |
+-------------+
  • Filter on an edge property:
    nebula> MATCH (v:player)-[e]->() \
        WHERE e.start_year < 2000 \
        RETURN DISTINCT v.name, v.age;
+--------------------+-------+
| v.name             | v.age |
+--------------------+-------+
| "Shaquille O'Neal" | 47    |
| "Steve Nash"       | 45    |
| "Ray Allen"        | 43    |
| "Grant Hill"       | 46    |
| "Tony Parker"      | 36    |
+--------------------+-------+
...

    nebula> GO FROM "player100" \
        OVER follow \
        WHERE follow.degree > 90;
+-------------+
| follow._dst |
+-------------+
| "player101" |
| "player125" |
+-------------+

Filter on dynamically-calculated properties

nebula> MATCH (v:player) \
        WHERE v[toLower("AGE")] < 21 \
        RETURN v.name, v.age;
+---------------+-------+
| v.name        | v.age |
+---------------+-------+
| "Luka Doncic" | 20    |
+---------------+-------+

Filter on existing properties

nebula> MATCH (v:player) \
        WHERE exists(v.age) \
        RETURN v.name, v.age;
+-------------------------+-------+
| v.name                  | v.age |
+-------------------------+-------+
| "Boris Diaw"            | 36    |
| "DeAndre Jordan"        | 30    |
+-------------------------+-------+

Filter on edge rank

In nGQL, if a group of edges has the same source vertex, destination vertex, and properties, the only thing that distinguishes them is the rank. Use rank conditions in WHERE clauses to filter such edges.

# The following example creates test data.
nebula> CREATE SPACE test (vid_type=FIXED_STRING(30));
nebula> USE test;
nebula> CREATE EDGE e1(p1 int);
nebula> CREATE TAG person(p1 int);
nebula> INSERT VERTEX person(p1) VALUES "1":(1);
nebula> INSERT VERTEX person(p1) VALUES "2":(2);
nebula> INSERT EDGE e1(p1) VALUES "1"->"2"@0:(10);
nebula> INSERT EDGE e1(p1) VALUES "1"->"2"@1:(11);
nebula> INSERT EDGE e1(p1) VALUES "1"->"2"@2:(12);
nebula> INSERT EDGE e1(p1) VALUES "1"->"2"@3:(13);
nebula> INSERT EDGE e1(p1) VALUES "1"->"2"@4:(14);
nebula> INSERT EDGE e1(p1) VALUES "1"->"2"@5:(15);
nebula> INSERT EDGE e1(p1) VALUES "1"->"2"@6:(16);

# The following example use rank to filter edges and retrieves edges with a rank greater than 2.
nebula> GO FROM "1" \
        OVER e1 \
        WHERE rank(edge) > 2 \
        YIELD src(edge), dst(edge), rank(edge) AS Rank, properties(edge).p1 | \
        ORDER BY $-.Rank DESC;
+-----------+-----------+------+---------------------+
| src(EDGE) | dst(EDGE) | Rank | properties(EDGE).p1 |
+-----------+-----------+------+---------------------+
| "1"       | "2"       | 6    | 16                  |
| "1"       | "2"       | 5    | 15                  |
| "1"       | "2"       | 4    | 14                  |
| "1"       | "2"       | 3    | 13                  |
+-----------+-----------+------+---------------------+

Filter on strings

Use STARTS WITH, ENDS WITH, or CONTAINS in WHERE clauses to match a specific part of a string. String matching is case-sensitive.

STARTS WITH

STARTS WITH will match the beginning of a string.

The following example uses STARTS WITH "T" to retrieve the information of players whose name starts with T.

nebula> MATCH (v:player) \
        WHERE v.name STARTS WITH "T" \
        RETURN v.name, v.age;
+------------------+-------+
| v.name           | v.age |
+------------------+-------+
| "Tracy McGrady"  | 39    |
| "Tony Parker"    | 36    |
| "Tim Duncan"     | 42    |
| "Tiago Splitter" | 34    |
+------------------+-------+

If you use STARTS WITH "t" in the preceding statement, an empty set is returned because no name in the dataset starts with the lowercase t.

nebula> MATCH (v:player) \
        WHERE v.name STARTS WITH "t" \
        RETURN v.name, v.age;
Empty set (time spent 5080/6474 us)

ENDS WITH

ENDS WITH will match the ending of a string.

The following example uses ENDS WITH "r" to retrieve the information of players whose name ends with r.

nebula> MATCH (v:player) \
        WHERE v.name ENDS WITH "r" \
        RETURN v.name, v.age;
+------------------+-------+
| v.name           | v.age |
+------------------+-------+
| "Vince Carter"   | 42    |
| "Tony Parker"    | 36    |
| "Tiago Splitter" | 34    |
+------------------+-------+

CONTAINS

CONTAINS will match a certain part of a string.

The following example uses CONTAINS "Pa" to match the information of players whose name contains Pa.

nebula> MATCH (v:player) \
        WHERE v.name CONTAINS "Pa" \
        RETURN v.name, v.age;
+---------------+-------+
| v.name        | v.age |
+---------------+-------+
| "Paul George" | 28    |
| "Tony Parker" | 36    |
| "Paul Gasol"  | 38    |
| "Chris Paul"  | 33    |
+---------------+-------+

Negative string matching

You can use the boolean operator NOT to negate a string matching condition.

nebula> MATCH (v:player) \
        WHERE NOT v.name ENDS WITH "R" \
        RETURN v.name, v.age;
+-------------------------+-------+
| v.name                  | v.age |
+-------------------------+-------+
| "Rajon Rondo"           | 33    |
| "Rudy Gay"              | 32    |
| "Dejounte Murray"       | 29    |
| "Chris Paul"            | 33    |
| "Carmelo Anthony"       | 34    |
+-------------------------+-------+
...

Filter on lists

Match values in a list

Use the IN operator to check if a value is in a specific list.

nebula> MATCH (v:player) \
        WHERE v.age IN range(20,25) \
        RETURN v.name, v.age;
+-------------------------+-------+
| v.name                  | v.age |
+-------------------------+-------+
| "Ben Simmons"           | 22    |
| "Kristaps Porzingis"    | 23    |
| "Luka Doncic"           | 20    |
| "Kyle Anderson"         | 25    |
| "Giannis Antetokounmpo" | 24    |
| "Joel Embiid"           | 25    |
+-------------------------+-------+

nebula> LOOKUP ON player \
        WHERE player.age IN [25,28]  \
        YIELD properties(vertex).name, properties(vertex).age;
+-------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
| VertexID    | properties(VERTEX).name | properties(VERTEX).age |
+-------------+-------------------------+------------------------+
| "player106" | "Kyle Anderson"         | 25                     |
| "player135" | "Damian Lillard"        | 28                     |
| "player130" | "Joel Embiid"           | 25                     |
| "player131" | "Paul George"           | 28                     |
| "player123" | "Ricky Rubio"           | 28                     |
+-------------+-------------------------+------------------------+

Match values not in a list

Use NOT before IN to rule out the values in a list.

nebula> MATCH (v:player) \
        WHERE v.age NOT IN range(20,25) \
        RETURN v.name AS Name, v.age AS Age \
        ORDER BY Age;
+---------------------+-----+
| Name                | Age |
+---------------------+-----+
| "Kyrie Irving"      | 26  |
| "Cory Joseph"       | 27  |
| "Damian Lillard"    | 28  |
| "Paul George"       | 28  |
| "Ricky Rubio"       | 28  |
+---------------------+-----+
...
Last update: November 1, 2021
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